Abstract

This article focuses on the impact of fly ash from the combustion of municipal sewage sludge (FAMSS) as a cement additive in the amounts of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% (by mass) on selected concrete properties. In the course of the experimental work, water penetration depth and compressive strength measurements were made at various periods of curing (from 2 to 365 days). In addition, the potential impact of FAMSS on the natural environment was examined by determining the leachability of heavy metals. FAMSS-modified concretes showed small values of water penetration depth (lower than 50 mm), as well as good compressive strength (reaching minimum class C30/37 after 130 days of maturing)—similar to the compressive strength obtained for conventional concrete. In addition, the partial replacement of cement with FAMSS has environmental benefits, expressed as a reduction in CO2 emissions. In addition, study has shown that compliance with environmental requirements is associated with heavy metal leaching.

Highlights

  • The cement production process can be harmful to the natural environment, emitting large amounts of greenhouse gases due to the high-temperature (1450 ◦ C) process of burning cement clinker and the CO2 emissions resulting from the decarbonization of raw material [1]

  • Analyzing the results presented in the literature, a differentiated impact of fly ashes on compressive strength values can be noticed

  • When considering the use of fly ashes in concrete production, the physico-chemical composition, fineness and pozzolanic activity of the additives should be taken into account

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Summary

Introduction

The cement production process can be harmful to the natural environment, emitting large amounts of greenhouse gases due to the high-temperature (1450 ◦ C) process of burning cement clinker and the CO2 emissions resulting from the decarbonization of raw material [1]. According to the Yearbook of International Statistics data [4], the production of cement in the world amounted to over 1.67 billion tons in 2000, and 4.07 billion tons in 2013. As a result of this production, in 2000 the cement industry emitted 1.4 billion tons of greenhouse gases (converted to CO2 ) into the atmosphere, which accounted for 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions and about 5%. According to Statista (The Statistics Portal for Market Data) [6], global cement production in 2030 is expected to increase to 4.83 billion metric tons. The Central Statistical Office 2019 [7]

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