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Abstract
Lead-acid battery (LAB) weight is a major downside stopping it from being adapted to electric/hybrid vehicles. Lead grids constitute up to 50% of LAB electrode’s weight and it only ensures electric connection to electrochemically active material and provides structural integrity. Using graphite felt (GF) as a current collector can reduce the electrode’s weight while increasing the surface area. Modification of GF with lead (II) oxide using impregnation and calcination techniques and lead (II) formate and acetate as precursors was conducted to produce composite electrodes. It was found that lead (II) formate is not a viable material for this purpose, whereas multiple impregnation in lead (II) acetate saturated solution and calcination in air leads to thermal destruction GF. However, impregnation and calcination under nitrogen atmosphere in three cycles produced a sample of good quality with a mass loading of lead (II) oxide that was 17.18 g g−1 GF. This equates to only 5.5% of the total mass of composite electrode to be GF, which is immensely lower than lead grid mass in traditional electrodes. This result shows that a possible lightweight alternative of LAB electrode can be produced using the proposed modification method.
Highlights
Since its invention in 1859, Lead-acid batteries (LABs) are one of the most used rechargeable battery technologies of which the two biggest markets—automotive batteries and industrial batteries—had a~35 BN dollar turnover in 2015 [1]
It was found that lead (II) formate is not a viable material for this purpose, whereas multiple impregnation in lead (II) acetate saturated solution and calcination in air leads to thermal destruction graphite felt (GF)
This equates to only 5.5% of the total mass of composite electrode to be GF, which is immensely lower than lead grid mass in traditional electrodes
Summary
Since its invention in 1859, Lead-acid batteries (LABs) are one of the most used rechargeable battery technologies of which the two biggest markets—automotive batteries and industrial batteries—had a~35 BN dollar turnover in 2015 [1]. Since its invention in 1859, Lead-acid batteries (LABs) are one of the most used rechargeable battery technologies of which the two biggest markets—automotive batteries and industrial batteries—had a. LABs are a very popular choice because of its mature technology, low cost and ability to deliver high discharge current. Almost all used LABs are recycled with recovering up to 97% of the materials used in them [2]. LAB electrodes are made using lead or lead alloy grids, which are pasted with a mixture of leady oxide (PbO), water, sulfuric acid and additives. After immersion of lead grid electrodes, pasted with PbO, into the sulfuric acid electrolyte, the sulfation of leady oxide take place. In LABs, charge is stored and released during a fully reversible processes, by conversion of lead (II)
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