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Abstract
Hydrogels, as an emerging extinguishant, exhibit outstanding performance in forest fire rescues. However, the near-zero freezing point limits their application at low temperatures. Herein, a sensible candidate commercial extinguishant was selected for analysis, and its freezing point was modified based on the evaluation of water absorption rate, agglomeration, viscosity, and water dispersibility. Notably, the introduction of different antifreeze and flame retardant exhibited a significant disparate impact on the viscosity representative factor. Ten orthogonal experiments were performed to optimize the specific formulation. When ethylene glycol, urea and ammonium bicarbonate, and xanthan gum were applied as antifreeze, flame retardant, and thickener, with the addition amounts of 5 mL, 0.08 g and 0.04 g, and 0.12 g, respectively, the hydrogel extinguishant with 1% ratio in 50 mL of ultra-water featured the remarkable performance. Compared with the original extinguishant, the freezing point of the modified sample decreased from −0.3 to −9.2 °C. The sample’s viscosity was improved from 541 to 1938 cP, and the flame retardance time was more than 120 s. The results of corrosion and biotoxicity show that the optimized hydrogel extinguishant satisfies the national standards. This understanding provides a deeper insight into the application of low-temperature extinguishants in forest fires.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilEach year, several hundred thousand forest fires break out, destroying forest resources over a surface area of several million hectares around the world [1]
This study aims to determine appropriate modifications for the hydrogel extinguishant currently on the market, so that it can be improved to exhibit excellent fire-fighting properties under low-temperature conditions, making it suitable for the effective control of forest fires
APP was obtained from the Tianyao Chemical Industry (Yunnan, China), and urea, ammonium bicarbonate, and potassium acetate were supplied by Jiangtian Chemical Co. (Tianjin, China)
Summary
Several hundred thousand forest fires break out, destroying forest resources over a surface area of several million hectares around the world [1]. The greenhouse effect has raised atmospheric temperatures, increasing the number of fires and burnt areas to a certain extent [3]. Forest fires in different areas have different characteristics. During both periods from 1900 to 1934 and from 1988 to 2003 in the U.S northern Rockies, regional-fire years were ones wherein warm springs were followed by warm, dry summers [4]. Several regions in China featured low rainfall, dry, and windy weather conditions. The development and use of extinguishants is crucial for the control of forest fires at low temperatures
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