Modification of Free Volume in Epoxy Adhesive Formulations

Abstract

Abstract Additives are described which modify the free volume available for segmental motion in epoxy adhesives. Such a mechanism can produce an increase in the tensile modulus of conventional epoxy-amine systems of>60% (e.g. to>4.1 GPa) and in tensile strength of>50% (e.g. to 125 MPa), while also producing a ductile mode of failure (stress-strain curve has negative slope before failure). At low strains, a reduction in free volume hinders polymer segmental motion and so increases the modulus. However, these materials also exhibit a very low Poisson's ratio and strains of ca. 5% cause a sufficient increase in free volume that ductile failure can occur. Improvements in low temperature cure properties (e.g. 118 MPa tensile strength at 60°C cure) together with reductions in the coefficient of thermal expansion and water uptake are also reported. These improvements in bulk adhesive properties are shown to translate into improved adhesive joint performance.