Modifiable risk factors and metabolic health in risk of cardiovascular disease among US adults: A nationwide cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) could increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by 2-fold. Ideal control of modifiable risk factors in Life's Simple 7 (LS7) could reduce the CVD risk among the general population. This study aimed to investigate the effects of controlling modifiable risk factors using LS7 in MetS to prevent CVD. Methods44463 participants in NHANES 1999–2018 were included. The primary endpoint was a composite of CVD, including angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and stroke. Multivariable weighted logistic regression analyses estimated the associations. The diagnosis of MetS complied with Harmonized International Diabetes Federation Criteria. Measurement of modifiable risk factors used the 2010 American Heart Association LS7 guideline and was indicated by cardiovascular health (CVH). Results14034 individuals were diagnosed with MetS. 4835 participants had CVD. The weighted mean CVH was 8.06 ± 0.03. Intermediate and poor CVH were associated with increased risk for CVD in participants with similar metabolic states compared to ideal CVH. By taking participants with metabolic health and ideal CVH as health control, participants with MetS and poor CVH were demonstrated to have a 3-fold (adjusted odds ratio, 4.00; 95 % confidence interval, 3.21–4.98) greater risk for CVD. Notably, under the condition of ideal CVH, the risk of having CVD was comparable between metabolic health and MetS after fully adjusted. ConclusionIdeal control of Life's Simple 7 in metabolic syndrome contributes to a comparable risk of cardiovascular disease with healthy subjects. LS7 could be recognized as a guideline for secondary prevention in MetS.