Abstract
The histologic changes in humans after endodontic surgery were studied in 70 biopsies of the root apex and surrounding soft tissues and bone obtained from less than one year to 14 years after the surgical procedures. The following aspects were examined: degree of inflammation, formation of new cementum, root resorption, regeneration of the periodontal ligaments, formation of fibrous scar tissue, ankylosis, presence of granulation tissue and epithelial proliferations, and regeneration of new bone. The histologic examination revealed thaf the results of periapical surgery could be divided into three main types: (1) healing with re-formation of the periodontal membrane or ankylosis, and no or mild periapical inflammation, (2) healing with fibrous tissue (scar tissue) in communication with or adjacent to the periodontal membrane, occasional ankylosis, and varying grades of inflammation, and (3) moderate or severe periapical inflammation without scar tissue.
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