Modern Development in Copper‐ and Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions: Formation of Carbon‐Carbon and Carbon‐Heteroatom bonds under Microwave Irradiation Conditions

Abstract

AbstractThe use of transition metals in cross‐coupling reactions has been verified as a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry to access valuable pharmaceutical intermediates and functional organic molecules. Copper compounds were described for building a variety of Carbon‐Carbon and Carbon‐Heteroatom bonds more than a century ago. Whereas nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling was emerged in the 1972. The general reactivity of the reaction conversion was enhanced during the last two decades, particularly under microwave irradiation conditions. The focus of this review article accentuates the recent development and sustainable achievement of copper‐ and nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of different electrophiles and nucleophiles or two sort of nucleophiles under microwave irradiation conditions. The published cross‐coupling protocols during the last ten years were critically reviewed, this includes the type and amount of metal catalyst used, solventless and ligandless conditions and the application in the synthesis of complex heterocycles. Furthermore, various proposed reaction mechanisms covering radical path or through the involvement of metal complexes in different oxidation states were highlighted and discussed.