Modern approaches to field data collection and mapping: Digital methods, crowdsourcing, and the future of statistical analyses

Abstract

Modern use of mobile devices for field geology has facilitated new approaches to, and methodologies for, field data collection. Here, we highlight current, state-of-the-art methods, including digital-compass measurements and field data collection with mobile devices, which facilitate crowdsourcing by novice geologists. Crowd-sourced collection of field data is advocated as a means of assembling big datasets for the construction of detailed geologic maps. However, expert control of field data is necessary to address inconsistencies in crowd-sourced novice datasets. Digital compasses on mobile devices can facilitate collection of field data by less-experienced geologists. However, concerns exist regarding instrument-related data quality. We incorporate discussions of statistical methods that are relevant to evaluating the precision and accuracy of digital compasses as compared with analogue compasses. All compass platforms tested (Brunton Pocket Transits, iPhones, iPads, and Android-based phones) exhibited inconstancies in precision. However, the least reliable were Android-based devices. We argue that redundancy in measurements, coupled with assessing instrument drift through time, is necessary for all types of compasses. Statistical evaluation of compass measurements and other field data is arguably an important component of future mapping and data collection methods, as we adapt to the opportunities and challenges of assembling massive field datasets.