Moderately Decreased Cholesterol Absorption Rates Are Associated With a Large Atheroprotective Effect

Abstract

Human treatment with ezetimibe results in a moderate 50% to 54% decrease in cholesterol absorption and a 15% to 20% decrease in plasma LDL-cholesterol levels; nevertheless, the efficacy of ezetimibe therapy has been recently challenged by the ENHANCE trial. We examined the efficacy of a moderate decrease in cholesterol absorption in preventing atherosclerosis formation in the mouse. Congenic 14DKK animals, consisting of a castaneus (CASA/Rk) chromosome 14 interval introgressed onto the C57BL/6J background, displayed a moderate decrease in cholesterol absorption rates. The effect of moderately decreased absorption on atherosclerosis formation was determined in 14DKK apolipoprotein E knockouts (14DKK-apoEKO). When compared to chow diet-fed control apoEKO mice, congenic 14DKK-apoEKO displayed a moderate 41% decrease in cholesterol absorption rates, 30% to 37% decrease in plasma cholesterol levels, and a 70% decrease in atherosclerosis formation. Studies on cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from 14DKK bone marrow-derived macrophages rejected a 14DKK interval-dependent atheroprotective effects that operate in macrophages. In contrast, 14DKK-apoEKO congenics were characterized by a 60% increase in RCT from peripheral tissue macrophages. These studies strongly suggest that moderately decreased cholesterol absorption rates result in a large atheroprotective effect attributable to a decrease in plasma cholesterol levels and an increase in RCT from peripheral tissue macrophages.