Abstract
Hydrogen has many positive attributes that make it a viable choice to augment the current portfolio of combustion-based fuels, especially when considering reducing pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, conventional methods of storing H2 via high-pressure or liquid H2 do not provide long-term economic solutions for many applications, especially emerging applications such as man-portable or stationary power. Hydrogen storage in materials has the potential to meet the performance and cost demands, however, further developments are needed to address the thermodynamics and kinetics of H2 uptake and release. Therefore, the US Department of Energy (DOE) initiated three Centers of Excellence focused on developing H2 storage materials that could meet the stringent performance requirements for on-board vehicular applications. In this review, we have summarized the developments that occurred as a result of the efforts of the Metal Hydride and Chemical Hydrogen Storage Centers of Excellence on materials that bind hydrogen through ionic and covalent linkages and thus could provide moderate temperature, dense phase H2 storage options for a wide range of emerging Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM FC) applications.
Highlights
Hydrogen is a near ideal energy carrier that can be used to fuel the economy while reducing our nation’s dependence on fossil fuels, diversifying renewable and sustainable energy sources and significantly reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
Due to the engineering challenges associated with developing a hydrogen storage system around a highly thermodynamically stable material in addition to the slow hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics observed in these materials; the use of these compounds has been limited in practical applications
The Department of Energy (DOE) initiated three centers of excellence that focused on accelerating advancements in hydrogen storage material to meet the DOE H2 storage system-level performance targets that are based on achieving similar performance and cost levels as current gasoline fuel storage for light-duty vehicles
Summary
Hydrogen is a near ideal energy carrier that can be used to fuel the economy while reducing our nation’s dependence on fossil fuels, diversifying renewable and sustainable energy sources and significantly reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The most significant difference between the three groups of materials is their operational temperature (see Figure 2), which is mainly determined by the differences in bonding types (i.e., chemical vs physisorption), where most applications will have an operational temperature range that requires the storage to function at ambient or moderate temperatures Both metal hydrides and chemical hydrogen storage materials, for that matter, typically require heating (i.e., 340 K–500 K) for thermal decomposition and subsequent hydrogen release due to their relatively high chemical stability. As operation at (or near) ambient temperatures and pressures is highly desirable across all applications, a focus of the R&D is on developing materials with suitable hydrogen bonding enthalpies (i.e., ~17–35 kJ/mol H2) that can provide energy efficient hydrogen storage platforms. We will identify improvements in material properties realized through crystal structure characterization/modification and trends for future research
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