Moderate partially skimmed milk consumption is associated with reduced mortality risk

Abstract

Abstract Background Data on milk and other dairy products intake with health outcomes are inconsistent. We investigated the association of milk and total dairy consumption with the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a Mediterranean population. Methods We performed a longitudinal analysis on 22,889 men and women (mean age 55.4±11.7 y; 52.3% women), from the Moli-sani Study cohort (enrollment 2005-2010) followed-up for a median of 11 years. Dietary data were collected through a 188-item food frequency questionnaire. Total dairy consumption (g/d) was calculated as the sum of milk (whole and partially-skimmed, g/d), yogurt (whole and partially skimmed, g/d) and cheese (fresh and hard, g/d). Hazard ratio (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by multivariable Cox regression, modelled by spline curves. Results In multivariable-adjusted analysis controlled for sociodemographic, clinical and dietary factors, cheese, yogurt or whole milk intake were not associated with either all-cause or cause-specific mortality (p for overall association >0.38), as well as was total diary intake (p > 0.18). On the contrary, non-linear J-shaped curves were observed for the association of partially skimmed milk intake with all-cause and cancer mortality (p value for total and non-linear association=0.0072 and 0.035, and 0.097 and 0.049, respectively; magnitude of the relative reduction =16% and 18% at nadir of 128 and 114 g/d, respectively). A linear association between partially skimmed milk intake and CVD mortality was observed (p for association =0.047; p for non-linearity= 0.41), with HR = 0.82 (95%CI: 0.68-0.98) at 125 g/d and a window of statistically significant protection ranging from 100 to 250 g/d. Conclusions In a large Mediterranean population of adults, consumption of 1 standard cup of partially skimmed milk was associated with lower all-cause, cancer and CVD mortality. Other dairy sources were not associated with mortality. Key messages In a large Mediterranean population, total dairy intake did not predict mortality. Daily consumption of 1 standard cup of partially skimmed milk lowers the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality.