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Abstract
Water use efficiency is an important indicator of drought tolerance in plants. The response of the water use efficiency to different grazing intensities and adaptive mechanisms in alpine meadows remains unclear. To understand the changes in water use in alpine meadow ecosystems under different grazing gradients, grazing systems have to be optimized, and severely receding grasslands should be effectively restored. This study analyzed the response of water use efficiency of plant dominant species, coexisting species, and functional group-level plants to grazing intensity using the δ13C index in an alpine meadow. We found that grazing increased the leaf carbon isotope composition in plants (δ13C) of Gramineae by 3.37% and grazing at a moderate level significantly increased it by 4.84% (P < 0.05). In addition, an increase in δ13C was observed in the functional groups of Cyperaceae (3.45%), Leguminosae (0.81%), and Forb (1.40%). However, some dominant species and coexisting species showed the highest δ13C values under moderate grazing. These results indicate that moderate grazing may significantly improve the water use efficiency of species in alpine meadows. The path analysis showed that water use efficiency was negatively correlated with evapotranspiration (P < 0.05), soil water content, soil organic carbon, and soil bulk density. Nevertheless, there was a positive correlation between water use efficiency and the available nitrogen. This study concluded that moderate grazing could improve the efficiency of grassland water use to a certain extent. Additionally, soil evapotranspiration was the main driving factor affecting the water use efficiency of alpine meadows.
Highlights
Leaf carbon isotope composition in plants (δ13C) integrates photosynthetic activities during the synthesis of the plant leaf tissue, reflecting the relative relationship between plant water loss and carbon harvest (Shen et al, 2019)
To better clarify the change characteristics of water use efficiency in alpine meadows, the main objectives of this study are (1) to determine the characteristics of changes in WUE of dominant species, coexisting species, and functional group species in alpine meadows under different grazing intensity treatments, (2) to quantitatively evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the changes in WUE of alpine meadows regulatory mechanism, and (3) to provide a scientific basis for the restoration of degraded grasslands and the sustainable use of the ecosystem
The present study investigated the WUE of plants at the level of dominant species, coexisting species, and functional groups of alpine meadows under the three treatments, namely, in an enclosure, moderate grazing, and heavy grazing, in Haibei, Qinghai
Summary
Leaf carbon isotope composition in plants (δ13C) integrates photosynthetic activities during the synthesis of the plant leaf tissue, reflecting the relative relationship between plant water loss and carbon harvest (Shen et al, 2019). This indirectly indicates the long-term water use efficiency (WUE; Farquhar et al, 1982; Stewart et al, 1995; Liu et al, 2016). Studies on grazing pastures in Guinea, Brazil, Tanzania, and plant WUE showed an increasing trend under moderate grazing (Cavalcante et al, 2016; Wang et al, 2016). The WUE of typical plants showed a downward trend under grazing conditions, but that of soil showed an upward trend in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia (Zhu et al, 2016)
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