Abstract
In this paper, models of the pulse‐echo ultrasonic immersion responses of three types of reference reflectors are given. The reference reflectors considered are a flat‐bottom hole (FBH), a side‐drilled hole (SDH) and a spherical void (SPH). Reciprocity‐based measurement models suitable for large and small size reflectors are given, where the variations of the incident fields over the surface of the reflector are either considered or neglected, respectively. The scattering responses of these reflectors are modeled with the Kirchhoff approximation and more exact solutions. The received waveforms predicted by these models are compared with experimentally determined responses and the accuracy of the models is discussed.
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