Models of interphase drag force from direct numerical simulations of upward turbulent particle-laden channel flows

Abstract

Data from the interfaced-resolved direct numerical simulations (IR-DNSs) of upward turbulent channel flow laden with finite-size heavy particles at particle concentration ranging from 0.84% to 2.36% are used to develop improved drag correlations which account for the effect of turbulence on drag enhancement. First, the contribution of drag nonlinearity to drag enhancement for the turbulent flow over a fixed sphere is analyzed with the consideration of velocity fluctuation anisotropy. The nonlinear drag enhancement is generally smaller than the actual drag enhancement in our numerical simulations. Second, several models for turbulence correction are presented with different choice of model parameters, and it is found that the turbulent intensity normalized by the mean slip velocity and the particle size normalized by the Kolmogorov scale are most important for modeling the effect of turbulence on particle drag, while the anisotropy of fluctuating velocity and the particle Reynolds number are less important.