Models for achromatic light-curve breaks in gamma-ray burst afterglows: jets, structured outflows and energy injection

Abstract

The steepening (break) of the power-law fall-off observed in the optical emission of some GRB afterglows at epoch ~1 day is often attributed to a collimated outflow (jet), undergoing lateral spreading. Wider opening GRB ejecta with a non-uniform energy angular distribution (structured outflows) or the cessation of energy injection in the afterglow can also yield light-curve breaks. We determine the optical and X-ray light-curve decay indices and spectral energy distribution slopes for 10 GRB afterglows with optical light-curve breaks (980519, 990123, 990510, 991216, 000301, 000926, 010222, 011211, 020813, 030226), and use these properties to test the above models for light-curve steepening. It is found that the optical breaks of six of these afterglows can be accommodated by either energy injection or by structured outflows. In the refreshed shock model, a wind-like stratification of the circumburst medium (as expected for massive stars as GRB progenitors) is slightly favoured. A spreading jet interacting with a homogeneous circumburst medium is required by the afterglows 990510, 000301, 011211, and 030226. The optical pre- and post-break decays of these four afterglows are incompatible with a wind-like medium. The current sample of 10 afterglows with breaks suggests that the distribution of the break magnitude (defined as the increase of the afterglow decay exponent) is bimodal, with a gap at 1. If true, this bimodality favours the structured outflow model, while the gap location indicates a homogeneous circumburst environment.