Abstract
Realistic humanoid robots (RHRs) with embodied artificial intelligence (EAI) have numerous applications in society as the human face is the most natural interface for communication and the human body the most effective form for traversing the manmade areas of the planet. Thus, developing RHRs with high degrees of human-likeness provides a life-like vessel for humans to physically and naturally interact with technology in a manner insurmountable to any other form of non-biological human emulation. This study outlines a human–robot interaction (HRI) experiment employing two automated RHRs with a contrasting appearance and personality. The selective sample group employed in this study is composed of 20 individuals, categorised by age and gender for a diverse statistical analysis. Galvanic skin response, facial expression analysis, and AI analytics permitted cross-analysis of biometric and AI data with participant testimonies to reify the results. This study concludes that younger test subjects preferred HRI with a younger-looking RHR and the more senior age group with an older looking RHR. Moreover, the female test group preferred HRI with an RHR with a younger appearance and male subjects with an older looking RHR. This research is useful for modelling the appearance and personality of RHRs with EAI for specific jobs such as care for the elderly and social companions for the young, isolated, and vulnerable.
Highlights
Numerous scholars suggest that emotionally responsive artificial intelligence (EmoAI) in human–robot interaction (HRI) reduces negative perceptual feedback as people feel an affinity towards realistic humanoid robots (RHRs) that can simulate empathy [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
The game implemented in this study is called the animal guessing game and participants are requested to ask the RHRs a series of questions pertaining to the identity of the animal the RHRs are ‘thinking’ of; for example, if Euclid is thinking of a giraffe, the participants may ask the robot questions such as, ‘does it have four legs’, ‘does it live in the sea’, or ‘can it fly’, and the robot responds with yes or no answers until the participant can correctly identify the animal
RHR and the more senior age group preferred HRI with an older looking RHR, reinforced by the facial expression analysis (FEA)/galvanic skin response (GSR) data. These results provide a strong foundation for the appropriation of age in RHR design in fields such as older looking RHRs in care for the elderly and younger looking RHRs as social companions for the young, vulnerable, and isolated
Summary
Numerous scholars suggest that emotionally responsive artificial intelligence (EmoAI) in human–robot interaction (HRI) reduces negative perceptual feedback as people feel an affinity towards realistic humanoid robots (RHRs) that can simulate empathy [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. RHR Sophia’s ability to discuss its visual and functional limitations with humans helps people empathise with the RHR’s preternatural qualities [14,15]. This design consideration is significant to the progression of RHRs as research in robotic AI has predominantly focused on simulating human cognition and continually neglects the significance of EmoAI in promoting natural.
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