Modelling the Radiometric Color of Inland Waters: Implications to a) Remote Sensing and b) Limnological Color Scales

Abstract

Utilizing a bio-optical model previously developed for Lake Ontario, the responsiveness of chromaticity coordinates (X, Y, Z), dominant wavelength (λ dom), and associated spectral purity (p) to the abundance of color-producing agents (CPA) residing within the Lake Ladoga water column was determined. CPA considered were phytoplankton (chl), suspended minerals (sm), and dissolved organic carbon (doc). Waters that contain simultaneously low concentrations of chl, sm, and doc are shown to appear blue to turquoise in color (472–500 nm). Highly turbid waters (i.e., waters containing high concentrations of chl and/or sm) with low concentrations of doc are shown to display colors ranging from green to brown (> 500 nm). Waters with large concentrations of doc, irrespective of turbidity, are shown to be invariably brownish (560–570 nm). With increasing CPA content, X, Y, and Z (and, consequently, λ dom) asymptotically approach constant limit values. An “end-point” dominant wavelength at about 572 nm appears to be intrinsically characteristic of all natural waters. It is shown that when one or more CPA exceeds a critical concentration, the spectral purity p asymptotically approaches values in the range 0.35 to 0.45 for all waters (exceptive of those containing solely chl in the restricted concentration range < 0.5 μg/L). Optical distinctiveness, particularly with respect to indigenous doc, of natural waters, while impacting the spectral purity of the “end-point” radiometric color, does not produce a comparable impact on the “end-point” color itself. This work reinforces the restrictive application of chromaticity analyses to the remote sensing of binary aquatic systems comprised of water plus one CPA. It also illustrates that neither panchromatic nor two-channel ratio images can provide unambiguous inference of water quality parameters. Correspondence between radiometric water color descriptors (X, Y, Z, λ dom, and p) and water color scales traditionally used in limnology is established, illustrating that the platinum-cobalt scale would be most appropriate for assessing waters that were radiometrically yellow, provided that the yellow hue were not invariably attributed to doc.