Abstract
Abstract This paper discusses the formulation of models for sail forces and moments as needed for the prediction of performance of a given yacht. It is shown that the effects of heel angle may be accounted for accurately using a simple geometric construction, with excellent agreement with wind-tunnel tests. With the aid of lifting-line theory the usual Kerwin model for accounting for the effects of sail trim is extended to include both sail twist and the effects of nonuniformity in the incident flow. The penalty in increased induced drag resulting from a constraint on heel moment is derived. Some earlier results regarding optimum loading are generalised for nonuniform flow, in which it is shown that optimum loading requires the induced downwash to vary linearly with height.
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