Modelling principal stress orientations in the Arabian Plate using plate velocities

Abstract

Abstract We model maximum principal horizontal stress orientations in the Arabian Plate using a 3D finite element approach in conjunction with plate velocities. To capture the impact of geometry and tectonics, the model considers an accurate plate boundary shape and associated deformations. Three primary geological units represent plate architecture: sedimentary cover, crust and upper mantle. The mesh resolution varies to capture important geometrical features. Subsequently, we calculate the stress field using the force balance equation. Displacement boundary conditions are evaluated as accumulative deformation. NE–SW maximum principal horizontal stress (S Hmax ) azimuths dominate in northeastern Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, whilst NW–SE to NNW–SSE define the Dead Sea area. The Red Sea Basin and Saudi Arabia's interior is characterized by north–south S Hmax azimuths. Iraq's western area shows azimuths from NNW–SSE to NW–SE due to the collision at the Zagros Mountain Range, but changes to NE–SW in the east at the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. An extensive literature review reveals publicly available S Hmax azimuth data which augment the sparse records compiled in the World Stress Map database. Our simulated S Hmax azimuths are consistent with these data. The results further corroborate ongoing tectonic processes, deepen our understanding of in situ stress variation drivers and inform current elastic deformation mechanisms in the Arabian Plate.