Abstract
In this study, the development of a wide-area, multi-objective cost function is explained. The cost function is designed for implementation on wide-area phasor measurement unit data. In this study, the cost function was applied to the IEEE 30 and 57 Bus models for monitoring and control purposes. Although the cost function was originally intended as a situational awareness tool that indicated system health; it has now been applied as a control metric for the operation of on-load tap changing transformers on a variety of standard IEEE test systems. The system benefits, relative to conventional local control, are quantified. The primary metrics for testing protection outcomes are maximum voltage deviation and line thermal overload. The wide-area optimisation is assessed from a voltage profile, reactive power demand, and transmission losses. The benefits of this type of wide-area control are demonstrated in a variety of situations and environments.
Highlights
At present, most monitoring and control functions on the power system are performed, directly or indirectly, with supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems
The cost function was originally intended as a situational awareness tool that indicated system health; it has been applied as a control metric for the operation of on-load tap changing transformers on a variety of standard IEEE test systems
Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are primarily used for monitoring purposes, but their potential for control was obvious from the start and contributed to acronyms such as wide-area monitoring for projection and control (WAMPAC) [2], flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) [3] and SMART grid [4]
Summary
Most monitoring and control functions on the power system are performed, directly or indirectly, with supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. A WAMPAC method was applied to OLTC transformers on the standard IEEE 30 and 57 Bus models. These transformers operate to reduce local busbar voltage deviation. Cost functions have been applied to low-voltage networks to realise similar optimisation results, such as in [9, 10] Commercial products, such as SuperTAPP n+ [11], are available to extend visibility when operating OLTC transformers. Another type of wide-area control is the angle constraint method which can be used to protect transmission corridors, such as in [12]
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