Modelling of Graph-Based Smart Parking System Using Internet of Things

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) is a collection of smart objects which communicate with each other within a network. IoT is everything which is connected to the internet to send and receive information. There are many application areas of IoT such as smart cities which include offices, homes, buildings, transportation and sewerage systems. Smart cities are an automation of real-world systems having sensing devices, actuator and other nodes interconnected within a network. Many researchers have proposed different solutions for modelling of smart cities but there is a need of proper validation and verification of such models. In this paper, we have proposed smart parking system using Formal Methods and graph theory with the proof of concept, which is an important component of a smart city. Parking topology is represented by a graph in terms of nodes to denote parking areas, passage, entrance and exit places. The connectivity of two places is represented by directional and bidirectional ways in terms of edges of a graph. The graph-based model is used for various types of operations such as searching empty places and finding shortest paths for parking of a car and exit procedures. Graph theory is used because of its usefulness as data structure and algorithmic power. Further, graph-based model can easily be transformed into a formal model. Vienna Development Method-Specification Language (VDM-SL) is used to describe formal specification and proof of correctness is provided using VDM-SL toolbox.