Abstract
Road safety depends on several factors associated with the vehicle, to the infrastructure, as well as to the environment and experience of vehicle drivers. Concerning the vehicle factors influencing the safety level of an infrastructure, it has been shown that the dynamic interaction between the carried liquid cargo and the vehicle influences the operational safety limits of the vehicle. A combination of vehicle and infrastructure factors converge when a vehicle carrying liquid cargo at a partial fill level performs a braking maneuver along a curved road segment. Such a maneuver involves both longitudinal and lateral load transfers that potentially affect both the braking efficiency and the lateral stability of the vehicle. In this paper, a series of models are set together to simulate the effects of a sloshing cargo on the braking efficiency and load transfer rate of a partially filled road tanker. The model assumes the superposition of the roll and pitch independent responses, while the vehicle is equipped with Anti-lock braking System brakes (ABS) in the four wheels. Results suggest that cargo sloshing can affect the performance of the vehicle on the order of 2% to 9%, as a function of the performance measure considered. A dedicated ABS system could be considered to cope with such diminished performance.
Highlights
Cargo shifting during braking, characterized by changes in the position of cargo’s center of gravity within the vehicle, is an undesirable phenomenon when analyzing the performance of vehicle braking systems, as such phenomenon originates longitudinal load transfers that affect the magnitude of the tire-pavement normal forces, which are the main source for vehicle braking
When performing braking-in-a-turn maneuvers (BIT), the load transfer amongst the vehicle wheels is higher, as both longitudinal and lateral load transfer simultaneously occur, further affecting the directional stability of the vehicle, which can oversteer due to a diminished tire-pavement friction due to lock-up wheels
As it can be observed observed in this table, the non-sloshing condition of the cargo has been assumed through an increased in this table, the non-sloshing condition of the cargo has been assumed through an increased damping
Summary
Cargo shifting during braking, characterized by changes in the position of cargo’s center of gravity within the vehicle, is an undesirable phenomenon when analyzing the performance of vehicle braking systems, as such phenomenon originates longitudinal load transfers that affect the magnitude of the tire-pavement normal forces, which are the main source for vehicle braking. Such variations in the value of these vertical forces increase the probability that the unloaded wheels lock-up, leading to a reduction in the values of the available braking forces.
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