Abstract
The bimetallic thermally-regenerative ammonia flow battery (B-TRAFB) has exhibited good potential in harvesting low-grade waste heat as high-power electricity, mainly due to its feature of high-voltage discharge and low-voltage charge in room temperature. Here, a 2-D flow and electrochemical coupled model is firstly constructed for a Cu/Zn-TRAFB, and validated with experimental results. We mainly focus on analysis of the influence of different working conditions and reactant concentrations on power and energy densities and thermoelectric conversion efficiency, as well as how the concentration distribution affects the battery performance. The results show that at low power output (~13 W m−2), the highest efficiency of 12.8% (81% relative to Carnot efficiency) can be achieved with an energy density of 17 kW h m−3 and a reactant concentration of 0.3 M. When generating ~70% of the peak power (~175 W m−2), the efficiency drops to ~3% (~20% relative to Carnot efficiency) with an energy density of ~ 4–5 kW h m−3. The depletion of reactant concentration on the electrode surface is the direct cause of performance degradation. Overall, this model framework we presented here is universally applicable to all kinds of B-TRAFBs and the formulation principles of discharge-charge strategy are given.
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