Abstract
This paper focuses on mathematical control of infectious bursal disease in chicks. The model boundedness and the control measures to reduce the spreads of the disease have well analytically examined. The theory of Pontryagin’s maximum principle used in analysing necessary conditions to combat the disease. Numerically, forward backward sweep method and fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme using the forward solution of the state equations was applied. The outcome indicates that the combination of vaccination of chicks and environmental sanitation as the most cost-effectiveness strategy to combat the spread of IBD with limited resources. Therefore, IBD can be controlled if the poultry farmers will effectively apply vaccination of chicks and environmental sanitation.
Highlights
Infection bursal disease is a highly transmissible bird disease that mostly affects chickens; young chickens usually of age between three to six weeks [20].The Infection bursal disease (IBD) known as ’Gumboro disease’ due to the geographical location of the first recorded outbreak in 1961, which occurred in and around Gumboro, Delaware, USA [20].The disease is caused by infection bursal disease virus (IBDV), the virus belongs to the genus avibirnavirus of the family birnaviridae, the virus was identified in the Middle East, Southern and western Africa, India, the Far East, and Australia from 1966 to 1974 [22], [23]. the infectious bursal disease is currently a global problem as about 95% of the 65 countries that affected by this disease [21]
The incubation period for IBDV ranges from 2-3 days, and the infections before 3 weeks of age are usually subclinical [25].The severity of the disease may vary with age and breed of chickens, the virulence of the strain, and degree of passive immunity, the susceptible chicken can be infected through direct contact, feces, contaminated environment and is possibly carried in the dust
IBDV represents one of the most severe poultry diseases and is responsible for marked economic losses, few studies of IBDV have been done on chickens in Tanzania, which hinders the implementation of effective disease [28]
Summary
Infection bursal disease is a highly transmissible bird disease that mostly affects chickens; young chickens usually of age between three to six weeks [20].The Infection bursal disease (IBD) known as ’Gumboro disease’ due to the geographical location of the first recorded outbreak in 1961, which occurred in and around Gumboro, Delaware, USA [20].The disease is caused by infection bursal disease virus (IBDV), the virus belongs to the genus avibirnavirus of the family birnaviridae, the virus was identified in the Middle East, Southern and western Africa, India, the Far East, and Australia from 1966 to 1974 [22], [23]. the infectious bursal disease is currently a global problem as about 95% of the 65 countries that affected by this disease [21]. The virus can transferred from the house on fomites and rodents [26], apart from that lesser mealworm (Alphitobus diapering) has been shown to carry the virus and transmit mechanically among the farms by people, equipment, and vehicles [20] It shows that there is no vertical transmission from parents direct off spring. Due to important of IBD constraints for commercial and local chicken production in Tanzania [29], this study aims to develop a mathematical model as an attempt of controlling the spread of the disease that will help the poultry farm to plan for vaccination programs to fight against the outbreak of IBDV disease
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