Abstract
Generated hazardous or toxic waste posses a serious threat if dumped into ponds or low lying areas which leads to contamination, this necessitates the effective landfill liner system. Mainly compacted clayey soils are used as an engineered barrier. Recently, composite materials have gained popularity as landfill liner materials, including the use of waste materials amended with low permeable soils. Though, studies on the composite optimum mix and its corresponding thickness are very scarce. Here, we evaluated the unconfined compressive strength and hydraulic conductivity of fly ash–bentonite composites. Efforts were also made to determine the thickness of landfill liner composite using a finite difference method (i.e. MATLAB). The results reveal that composite consists of 30% bentonite and 70% fly ash is suitable for landfill liner, which meets strength and permeability criteria. Numerical simulation for five major contaminants shows that the composite plays a crucial role in reducing the leaching of heavy metals and suggests an optimum thickness in the range of 126–154 cm. Overall, the findings of the study indicate that fly ash–bentonite composite can be used to solve real-life challenges in a sustainable way.
Highlights
Generated hazardous or toxic waste posses a serious threat if dumped into ponds or low lying areas which leads to contamination, this necessitates the effective landfill liner system
unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and hydraulic conductivity of the fly ash–bentonite composite were investigated to determine their optimum composite for landfill liner
The hydraulic conductivity of fly ash alone was 3.55 × 10–4 cm/s, such high hydraulic conductivity excludes its direct utilisation for landfill liner applications[7]
Summary
Generated hazardous or toxic waste posses a serious threat if dumped into ponds or low lying areas which leads to contamination, this necessitates the effective landfill liner system. Composite materials have gained popularity as landfill liner materials, including the use of waste materials amended with low permeable soils. We evaluated the unconfined compressive strength and hydraulic conductivity of fly ash–bentonite composites. The results reveal that composite consists of 30% bentonite and 70% fly ash is suitable for landfill liner, which meets strength and permeability criteria. Recent studies have examined the amendment of fly ash to the soil, found the enhanced geotechnical properties such as cation exchange capacity, shear strength, and hydraulic c onductivity[3,7,8]. Many researchers studied the use of analytical[15,16,17,18,19] and numerical a pproaches[20] for contamination transport (mainly organic) and to determine the liner thickness. Studies related to numerical methods on fly ash–bentonite composite are scarce
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