Modelling and Analysis of a Sigfox-Based IoT Network Using uppaalsmc

Abstract

Wireless sensor nodes are usually powered by batteries that have limited energy capacity. In many applications, the nodes are installed in inaccessible locations where they are problematic to replace or recharge. Therefore, energy optimisation is crucial for increasing the node’s lifetime. This study presents a method for the analysis and prediction of the energy consumption of Sigfox-based Wireless Sensor Nodes. The method is illustrated in a use case where the nodes monitor the water level in drainage lines in cities to improve surface and wastewater management. We propose a formal model-based technique using the UPPAAL Statistical model checker tool to model and analyse the node’s lifetime. Statistical model checking provides a highly scalable technique for performance analysis of complex cyber-physical systems. The model captures the energy-related behaviour of the node, the Sigfox radio specification, and the sensor, each parameterised with values from the device’s datasheets. Furthermore, we calibrate the model using measurements obtained from real-world hardware. Finally, we evaluate a collection of strategies to optimise the battery lifetime of the node. We simulate the model with a 10,000 mAh battery, and the results indicate that we can extend the node’s lifetime from 202 days to 2.71 years using our most optimised transmission strategy.