Abstract
Monte Carlo methods commonly used in tissue optics are limited to a layered tissue geometry and thus provide only a very rough approximation for many complex media such as biological structures. To overcome these limitations, a Meshed Monte Carlo method with flexible phase function choice (fpf-MC) has been developed to function in a mesh. This algorithm can model the light propagation in any complexly shaped structure, by attributing optical properties to the different mesh elements. Furthermore, this code allows the use of different discretized phase functions for each tissue type, which can be simulated from the microstructural properties of the tissue, in combination with a tool for simulating the bulk optical properties of polydisperse suspensions. As a result, the scattering properties of tissues can be estimated from information on the microstructural properties of the tissue. This is important for the estimation of the bulk optical properties that can be used for the light propagation model, since many types of tissue have never been characterized in literature. The combination of these contributions, made it possible to use the MMC-fpf for modeling the light porapagation in plant tissue. The developed Meshed Monte Carlo code with flexible phase function choice (MMC-fpf) was successfully validated in simulation through comparison with the Monte Carlo code in Multi-Layered tissues (R2 > 0.9999) and experimentally by comparing the measured and simulated reflectance (RMSE = 0.015%) and transmittance (RMSE = 0.0815%) values for tomato leaves.
Highlights
Visible and Near-Infrared light are commonly used in the development of nondestructive diagnostic techniques [1,2,3]
The small differences are most likely caused by the stochastic noise inherent to Monte Carlo simulations
The deeper the absorption profile, the stronger this effect will be. This artefact can be avoided by using a diffuse light source
Summary
Visible and Near-Infrared light are commonly used in the development of nondestructive diagnostic techniques (e.g. early cancer detection, quality assessment of fruits, vegetables and nuts) [1,2,3]. The propagation of electromagnetic waves in turbid media is fundamentally described by Maxwell’s equations, which are mathematically rigorous and accurate. These have a limited applicability in real biological systems as their solution is considered computationally unfeasible for the microstructural and compositional complexity of biological systems [4,5]. The wave properties of light propagating through a turbid medium tend to be averaged out after several scattering interactions. Several light propagation models are simplified by ignoring the wave-like behavior. Modeling light as particles with a quantum energy is considered an acceptable approach for turbid media [4,5,6,7]
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