Abstract
AbstractEndocrine-disrupting compounds may produce infertility, nervous system disorders, and improper functioning of the immune system in humans and wildlife. Estrogens are classified as the most potent and common endocrine-disrupting compounds and the major point source for estrogen is municipal wastewater. Monitoring of estrogen is challenging, expensive, and intermittent; and therefore, the focus of this work is modeling estrone, 17β-estradiol, and 17α-ethynylestradiol concentrations from wastewater treatment plants in Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta, and Brandon, Manitoba. Demographic groups, excretion rates, population estimates, average daily flows, calculated estrogen transformation, calibration, calculated influent-to-effluent reduction percentages, and a treatment unit removal matrix are used to determine loading estimations of estrogen. Predicted average concentrations for EE2 and E2 in all the study sites exceed the threshold concentrations that could induce vitellogenin production by order of 1...
Highlights
There are growing health concerns regarding contaminants entering our water systems that provide us safe drinking water, irrigation water, food, and recreational opportunities (Wise, O’Brien, & Woodruff, 2011)
Recent studies have shown the presence of intersex fish downstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) at locations where estrogens are detected frequently and at higher concentrations among other endocrine disruptors (Evans, Jackson, Habibi, & Ikonomou, 2012)
Model calibration was achieved by adjusting the upper and lower limits within the Brandon WWTP model to a point that included all of the measurements for half of the Brandon data-set while running the model against the remaining samples
Summary
There are growing health concerns regarding contaminants entering our water systems that provide us safe drinking water, irrigation water, food, and recreational opportunities (Wise, O’Brien, & Woodruff, 2011). Occurrence of estrogens in aquatic environments have received considerable interest as they may lead to infertility, developmental disorders, disorders of the nervous system, and improper functioning of the immune system in humans and wildlife even at extremely low concentrations (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 2015). Recent studies have shown the presence of intersex fish downstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) at locations where estrogens are detected frequently and at higher concentrations among other endocrine disruptors (Evans, Jackson, Habibi, & Ikonomou, 2012). The growing population will add increasing pressure on water quality and quantity in the region, including the Bow River (Robinson, Valeo, Ryan, Chu, & Iwanyshyn, 2009)
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