Modeling the Impact of Proactive Community Case Management on Reducing Confirmed Malaria Cases in Sub-Saharan African Countries.

Abstract

Malaria continues to be a major source of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Timely, accurate, and effective case management is critical to malaria control. Proactive community case management (ProCCM) is a new strategy in which a community health worker "sweeps" a village, visiting households at defined intervals to proactively provide diagnostic testing and treatment if indicated. Pilot experiments have shown the potential of ProCCM for controlling malaria transmission; identifying the best strategy for administering ProCCM in terms of interval timings and number of sweeps could lead to further reductions in malaria infections. We developed an agent-based simulation to model malaria transmission and the impact of various ProCCM strategies. The model was validated using symptomatic prevalence data from a ProCCM pilot study in Senegal. Various ProCCM strategies were tested to evaluate the potential for reducing parasitologically confirmed symptomatic malaria cases in the Senegal setting. We found that weekly ProCCM sweeps during a 21-week transmission season could reduce cases by 36.3% per year compared with no sweeps. Alternatively, two initial fortnightly sweeps, seven weekly sweeps, and finally four fortnightly sweeps (13 sweeps total) could reduce confirmed malaria cases by 30.5% per year while reducing the number of diagnostic tests and corresponding costs by about 33%. Under a highly seasonal transmission setting, starting the sweeps early with longer duration and higher frequency would increase the impact of ProCCM, though with diminishing returns. The model is flexible and allows decision-makers to evaluate implementation strategies incorporating sweep frequency, time of year, and available budget.