Abstract
Cattle ticks are distributed worldwide and affect animal health and livestock production. White tailed deer (WTD) sustain and spread cattle tick populations. The aim of this study was to model the efficacy of anti-tick vaccination of WTD to control tick infestations in the absence of cattle vaccination in a territory where both host species coexist and sustain cattle tick populations. Agent-based models that included land cover/landscape properties (patch size, distances to patches) and climatic conditions were built in a GIS environment to simulate WTD vaccine effectiveness under conditions where unvaccinated cattle shared the landscape. Published and validated information on tick life cycle was used to build models describing tick mortality and developmental rates. Data from simulations were applied to a large territory in northeastern Mexico where cattle ticks are endemic and WTD and cattle share substantial portions of the habitat. WTD movements were simulated together with tick population dynamics considering the actual landscape and climatic features. The size of the vegetation patches and the distance between patches were critical for the successful control of tick infestations after WTD vaccination. The presence of well-connected, large vegetation patches proved essential for tick control, since the tick could persist in areas of highly fragmented habitat. The continued application of one yearly vaccination on days 1-70 for three years reduced tick abundance/animal/patch by a factor of 40 and 60 for R. annulatus and R. microplus, respectively when compared to non-vaccinated controls. The study showed that vaccination of WTD alone during three consecutive years could result in the reduction of cattle tick populations in northeastern Mexico. Furthermore, the results of the simulations suggested the possibility of using vaccines to prevent the spread and thus the re-introduction of cattle ticks into tick-free areas.
Highlights
Cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and R. (B.) microplus, are a serious threat to animal health and production in many regions of the Americas, Asia, Oceania and Africa
Even with high relative densities of white tailed deer (WTD), reduction of larvae was higher than 50% only when the abundance of WTD was higher than 0.5 animals/ha
The vaccine efficacy obtained in WTD with both BM86 and SUB clearly suggests that it is possible to use these vaccines for cattle tick control in deer
Summary
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and R. (B.) microplus, are a serious threat to animal health and production in many regions of the Americas, Asia, Oceania and Africa. (B.) microplus, are a serious threat to animal health and production in many regions of the Americas, Asia, Oceania and Africa. They are recognized as an emerging threat to the cattle industry in the United States [1,2]. Rhipicephalus microplus originated in Asia before it was introduced and has spread into much of Central and South America, as well as Mexico and southern USA [3]. The white tailed deer (WTD), Odocoileus virginianus, was demonstrated to sustain and spread cattle tick populations and are responsible for a series of R. microplus outbreaks in southeastern USA [5]
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