Abstract

This article presents, for the first time, the efficacy and curing depth analysis of photo-thermal dual polymerization in metal (Fe) polymer composites for 3D printing of a three-component (A/B/M) system based on the proposed mechanism of our group, in which the co initiators A and B are Irgacure-369 and charge–transfer complexes (CTC), respectively, and the monomer M is filled by Fe. Our formulas show the depth of curing (Zc) is an increasing function of the light intensity, but a decreasing function of the Fe and photoinitiator concentrations. Zc is enhanced by the additive [B], which produces extra thermal radical for polymerization under high temperature. The heat (or temperature) increase in the system has two components: (i) due to the light absorption of Fe filler and (ii) heat released from the exothermic photopolymerization of the monomer. The heat is transported to the additive (or co-initiator) [B] to produce extra radicals and enhance the monomer conversion function (CF). The Fe filler leads to a temperature increase but also limits the light penetration, leading to lower CF and Zc, which could be overcome by the additive initiator [B] in thick polymers. Optimal Fe for maximal CF and Zc are explored theoretically. Measured data are analyzed based on our derived formulas.

Highlights

  • In supporting our recent measured data, Bonardi et al [17] and Ma et al [18,19], this article will present the kinetics, the conversion profiles features, and the depth of curing of a three-component (A/B/M) system based on the proposed mechanism of our group [19]

  • H is the heat in the monomer due to two components: (i) the aFI(z,t) term, due to light absorption of iron filler given by the absorption constant (a), light intensity (I), and iron concentration (F); and (ii) the heat released from the exothermic photopolymerization of the monomer and (iii) the heat transport to the co-initiator, B

  • We will focus on comprehensive analysis for special features and the key factors of dual radical enhancement for efficient conversion related to the measured data of Ma et al [19], based on the analytic formulas to be derived as follows

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Summary

Introduction

This article presents, for the first time, the efficacy and curing depth analysis of photothermal dual polymerization in metal (Fe) polymer composites for 3D printing of a three-component (A/B/M) system based on the proposed mechanism of our group, in which the co initiators A and B are Irgacure-369 and charge–transfer complexes (CTC), respectively, and the monomer M is filled by. Zc is enhanced by the additive [B], which produces extra thermal radical for polymerization under high temperature. The heat is transported to the additive (or co-initiator) [B] to produce extra radicals and enhance the monomer conversion function (CF). The Fe filler leads to a temperature increase and limits the light penetration, leading to lower CF and Zc, which could be overcome by the additive initiator [B] in thick polymers.

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