Abstract
Rugged terrain, as a high percent of the Earth's terrestrial surface, can cause the directionality of the surface thermal radiation, and affect the retrieved land surface temperature (LST) and longwave radiation (SLR) from satellite measurements due to the limited instantaneous field of view and observation angles. New directional brightness temperature (DBT) and equivalent brightness temperature (EBT) models were established considering terrain effects. The biases between them were also analyzed based on a simulated scene using the Advanced Spacebome Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) LST, emissivity and topographic data. The results show that BTs at the valley and peak points are clearly anisotropic, while this directionality at the cropland point is not obvious. The DBT shows hotspot effects which is closely related to the solar position. The range of DBTs can reach up to about 9 K in the valley point and the standard deviation of this difference in all view directions is 1.05 K. Thus, it can be concluded that it is hard to meet the requirement of retrieval accuracy of LST or SLR over rugged terrain if ignoring the three-dimensional structure of mountainous region and its angular thermal radiation.
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