Modeling suggests that oblique extension facilitates rifting and continental break‐up

Abstract

In many cases the initial stage of continental break‐up was and is associated with oblique rifting. That includes break‐up in the Southern and Equatorial Atlantic, separation from eastern and western Gondwana as well as many recent rift systems, like Gulf of California, Ethiopia Rift and Dead Sea fault. Using a simple analytic mechanical model and advanced numerical, thermomechanical modeling techniques we investigate the influence of oblique extension on the required tectonic force in a three‐dimensional setting. While magmatic processes have been already suggested to affect rift evolution, we show that additional mechanisms emerge due to the three‐dimensionality of an extensional system. Focusing on non‐magmatic rift settings, we find that oblique extension significantly facilitates the rift process. This is due to the fact that oblique deformation requires less force in order to reach the plastic yield limit than rift‐perpendicular extension. The model shows that in the case of two competing non‐magmatic rifts, with one perpendicular and one oblique to the direction of extension but otherwise having identical properties, the oblique rift zone is mechanically preferred and thus attracts more strain.