Abstract

In this paper, a three-dimensional storm surge model was developed based on the Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) by the hindcasts of four typhoon-induced storm surges (Chan-hom, Mireille, Herb, and Winnie). After model validation, a series of sensitivity experiments were conducted to explore the effects of key parameters in the wind and pressure field (forward speed, radius of maximum wind (RMW), inflow angle, and central pressure), typhoon path, wind intensity, and topography on the storm surge and surge asymmetry between sea level rise (positive surge) and fall (negative surge) along the southeastern coast of China (SCC). The model results show that lower central pressure and larger RMW could lead to stronger surge asymmetry. A larger inflow angle results in a stronger surge asymmetry. In addition, the path of Chan-hom is the most dangerous path type for the Zhoushan Archipelago area, and that of Winnie follows next. The model results also indicate that the non-linear interaction between wind field and pressure field tends to weaken the peak surge elevation. The effect of topography on storm surges indicates that the peak surge elevation and its occurrence time, as well as the surge asymmetry, increase with a decreasing slope along the SCC.

Highlights

  • This region is vulnerable to storm surges, there has been little open literature reporting on the synergistic effects of key parameters in the wind and pressure field, typhoon path, wind intensity, and topography on the modeling of storm surge and surge asymmetry along the southeastern coast of China (SCC), which motivated this paper

  • The astronomical tide and river runoff are ignored at the open boundary, and the surge elevation is forced by wind field and air pressure field calculated by Equations

  • It is necessary to study the key parameters in the wind field and pressure field, such as forward speed, RMW, inflow angle, and central pressure

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Summary

Introduction

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Zhang et al [23] studied the effect of topography in a storm surge model along the SCC, in which they found that the peak surges along the coastal area were easier to be affected with a decreasing slope These studies have shown that the features of storm surges are complex and storm surges are sensitive to the path, forward speed, wind intensity, and topography. Storm surge models have been developed along the SCC, and they mainly concentrated on studying a typhoon-induced storm surge process [23,27,28] This region is vulnerable to storm surges, there has been little open literature reporting on the synergistic effects of key parameters in the wind and pressure field (forward speed, RMW, inflow angle, and central pressure), typhoon path, wind intensity, and topography on the modeling of storm surge and surge asymmetry along the SCC, which motivated this paper.

Observed Data
Storm Surge
Storm Surge Model along the SCC "
Wind Field and Wind Pressure Model
Model Configuration
Skill Metrics
Validation of Sea Surface Elevation
Time series of observed and modeled elevation
Results
Effect of Forward Speed
Effect of RMW
Effect of Inflow Angle
Effect of Central Pressure
Effect of Typhoon Path
Itthe caneffect be found that during theispath andfor
12. Model simulated wind field at at time
13. Model simulated pressure distribution
Sensitivity experiments to explore the effect of effect typhoon on storm
Effect of Wind Intensity
Effect of Topography
Discussion
Full Text
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