Abstract
Quantifying spatial and temporal variations in optimal tilt angle of a solar collector relative to a horizontal position assists in maximizing its performance for energy collection depending on changes in time and space. In this study, optimal tilt angles were quantified for solar collectors based on the monthly global and diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surface across Turkey. The dataset of monthly average daily global solar radiation was obtained from 158 places, and monthly diffuse radiation data were estimated using an empirical model in the related literature. Our results showed that high tilt angles during the autumn (September to November) and winter (December to February) and low tilt angles during the summer (March to August) enabled the solar collector surface to absorb the maximum amount of solar radiation. Monthly optimum tilt angles were estimated devising a sinusoidal function of latitude and day of the year, and their validation resulted in a high R2 value of 98.8%, with root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.06°.
Highlights
Turkey receives a high level of solar radiation throughout the year with mean daily sunshine duration of about 7.2 h and solar energy intensity of 12.96 MJ m-2 d-1
Total solar radiation varied from 5.19 MJ m-2 d-1 in December to 35.34 MJ m2 -1 d in July, based on the observed dataset from the 158 locations across Turkey
Seasonal and annual changes in optimum tilt angles for the solar collectors over Turkey were determined by using the geo-referenced datasets of monthly average daily global solar radiation from 158 cities and monthly diffuse radiation estimated by the empirical model by Tasdemiroglu and
Summary
Turkey receives a high level of solar radiation throughout the year with mean daily sunshine duration of about 7.2 h and solar energy intensity of 12.96 MJ m-2 d-1. The highest and lowest solar energy potential of Turkey is in the Southeast Anatolian region with an average solar radiation of 14.37. The solar potential unconstrained by technical, economic or environmental requirements of Turkey is estimated at 88 million tones oil equivalent (toe) per year, 40% of which is considered economically usable. Turkey had primary energy production of 25.1 million toe and primary energy consumption of 91.5 million toe in 2005. Flat plate solar collectors are the most widespread solar thermal application in Turkey, which are generally used for the production of commercial and domestic hot water, especially throughout the coastal regions. In 2005, Turkey had 11 million m2 of collector surface area installed with a heat output of 0.4 Mtoe contributing to energy production [5]
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