Abstract
Abstract. Remote sensing of the ionosphere bottom using long wave radio signal propagation is a still going strong and inexpensive method for continuous monitoring purposes. We present a propagation model describing the time development of solar flare effects. Based on monitored amplitude and phase data from VLF/LF transmitters gained at a mid-latitude site during the currently increasing solar cycle no. 24 a parameterized electron density profile is calculated as a function of time and fed into propagation calculations using the LWPC (Long Wave Propagation Capability). The model allows to include lower ionosphere recombination and attachment coefficients, as well as to identify the relevant forcing X-ray wavelength band, and is intended to be a small step forward to a better understanding of the solar–lower ionosphere interaction mechanisms within a consistent framework.
Highlights
Methods andenergy E as 1/(E Te0.5) · e−E/(k Te)
Remote sensing of lower ionosphere conditionDsabtyamSonyitsotr-ems6b.r7emkesVstra(Fhleu)nagndco8n.t0inkueuVm,(Fites/Ninit)e)nisDsityasutipanecrrSiemaypssionstgeedwmtiotsh the Te ing low and very low frequency radio signal propagation is (Doschek, 1999; Phillips, 2004; Aschwanden, D2i0s0cu8s).sions asclyhawzuifesetdelkl-teohkyfenitnohsgwieg)innrtramcaloneanstmhmstopaidtnltiettfuroasdrmepspreaolvnivetdueradpaleshdMaeuesmsceoeaifsdvduseailsreoi.inanlMtsi.tDoGhSWniKesseervo(eohmfesasp2ivlneoceictmritpaaeunbnmnmaes---teifnictSsthppahWiteesrtehetib(ws6aoi0sse-–p8aaon5ruakrommvmeehtroesedriimegelhp-todl,inefiWMnctsaahioittetiyodafnnpredaroomlfSfiDepGtlwheieeeoesfr,vtokro1rue9seot6lhfoc4deDt)eiphiesnbleocmsenuwiitWsnyteesgiraifopniiantircwoostanfianorldeemitters, NRK/TFK (37.5 kHz, 63.9◦ N, 22.5◦ W, Iceland) and
Using appropriate electron density profile height and steepness parameters (h, β) as well as a Chapman function for the X-ray forcing our model yields a consistent representation of the amplitude and phase variations of VLF/LF radio signals that can be used to identify lower ionosphere parameters in the flare disturbed case
Summary
Remote sensing of lower ionosphere conditionDsabtyamSonyitsotr-ems6b.r7emkesVstra(Fhleu)nagndco8n.t0inkueuVm,(Fites/Ninit)e)nisDsityasutipanecrrSiemaypssionstgeedwmtiotsh the Te ing low and very low frequency radio signal propagation is (Doschek, 1999; Phillips, 2004; Aschwanden, D2i0s0cu8s).sions asclyhawzuifesetdelkl-teohkyfenitnohsgwieg)innrtramcaloneanstmhmstopaidtnltiettfuroasdrmepspreaolvnivetdueradpaleshdMaeuesmsceoeaifsdvduseailsreoi.inanlMtsi.tDoGhSWniKesseervo(eohmfesasp2ivlneoceictmritpaaeunbnmnmaes---teifnictSsthppahWiteesrtehetib(ws6aoi0sse-–p8aaon5ruakrommvmeehtroesedriimegelhp-todl,inefiWMnctsaahioittetiyodafnnpredaroomlfSfiDepGtlwheieeeoesfr,vtokro1rue9seot6lhfoc4deDt)eiphiesnbleocmsenuwiitWsnyteesgiraifopniiantircwoostanfianorldeemitters, NRK/TFK (37.5 kHz, 63.9◦ N, 22.5◦ W, Iceland) and Aiken, 1969, Fig. 1 therein, for e-density profiles from. GBZ (19.58 kHz, 54.9◦ N, 3.3◦ W, UK) received at a midlat- rocket firings during quiet and flare conditions and see Fig. 5. Han and Cummer (2010) model midlatitude daytime D region ionosphere variations with regard to flares in the two-parameter e-density profile framework. The paper is organized as follows: at first we present the e-density model and its development in time during quiet and flare disturbed situations, we discuss equilibrium solutions and their relation to other work. After a short description of the receiver and signal processing the propagation calculations using the LWPC (Long Wave Propagation Capability Code, Ferguson, 1989) are presented which we use to discuss phase vs height decrease and phase vs X-flux relations.
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