Abstract
The sewer system of many historical or holy cities is not well associated with the present need. The managing of the sewer system of such cities is very difficult. Karbala, located in central Iraq, is one such city that experiences tremendous pressure on its sewer system due to large visiting population during special religious gathering. As the sewer system of Karbala city is not designed for such high population like many other historic or holy cities, the sewer overflows, inundate the roads, and degrade the environmental due to the polluted sewer during religious gatherings. The problem often becomes critical due to heavy rainfall as the gathering usually happens during monsoon. The modeling of the sewer water quantity with a varying population and rainfall is important for simulating the sewer overflow as well as to manage the sewer system. The modeling of the sewer water quality is also important to understand the possible environmental hazard due to the sewer overflow. In this present study, an attempt has been taken to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of the sewer water quantity and quality with a varying population and rainfall for the prediction of sewer overflow and possible pollution susceptibility. The Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) will be used in the proposed study. The simulation will be carried out in the city center of the Karbala city where the stormwater network is not fully developed. It is expected that this study will help in the operational management of the sewerage system and mitigate the sewer flooding and related environmental problems.
Highlights
Sewage is a generic term used not just for wastewater from homes and industries, and for stormwater runoff, snow melt falling from the urban surfaces through gulleys and catch pits
A program management technique used city staff to make a typical model used for major improvements of the sanitary sewer system required to keep pace with development and to replace an aging and undersized sewer system in the Anaheim City located within Southern California [12]
The inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used for the analysis and calibration of heavy metals in sewage resulting from the different uses in Shanghai, China [34]. He found that the results indicate that metals have been reduced efficiently, but organic pollutants developped in aggravating trend as human sewage increase
Summary
Sewage is a generic term used not just for wastewater from homes and industries, and for stormwater runoff, snow melt falling from the urban surfaces through gulleys and catch pits. A program management technique used city staff to make a typical model used for major improvements of the sanitary sewer system required to keep pace with development and to replace an aging and undersized sewer system in the Anaheim City located within Southern California [12] They found the possibility of controlling the discharge of high derived from large numbers of tourists 18 million annually, where many ways were applied to rehabilitate and develop the sewage, as well as the establishment of new lines and other advanced technologies adoption of significant financial support. Nutrient dynamics were studied in Saguling Reservoir, which become highly polluted, with domestic and industrial effluent (organic matter, nutrients, heavy metals) from the urban areas of Bandung (population 2 million) [31] They reported the water quality of Saguling will improve until a substantial part of Bandung is sewered and adequate discharge controls are placed on the many industries in the region up-stream of the reservoir. The first is how to arrange the surplus rural laborers, how to make rural land use more economically and how to balance the development of urban and rural areas
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