Abstract
The remote acquisition of photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals via a video camera, also known as photoplethysmography imaging (PPGI), is not yet standardized. In general, PPGI is investigated with test persons in a laboratory setting. While these in-vivo tests have the advantage of generating real-life data, they suffer from the lack of repeatability and are comparatively effort-intensive because human subjects are required. Consequently, studying changes in signal morphology, for example, due to aging or pathological effects, is practically impossible. As a tool to study these effects, a hardware PPG simulator has been developed: this is a phantom which simulates and generates both 1D and locally resolved 2D optical PPG signals. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to generate PPG-like signals with various signal morphologies by means of a purely optoelectronic setup, namely an LED array, and to analyze them by means of PPGI. Signals extracted via a camera show good agreement with simulated generated signals. In fact, the first phantom design is suitable to demonstrate this qualitatively.
Highlights
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive method for optical measurement of changes in tissue blood volume
The development from conventional PPG to a contactless method was reviewed in more detail by Sun et al [4] and Zaunseder [5], who emphasized the challenges related to the method
We considered to use the equations given by Moreno et al [18]: a method was presented to compute the light-emitting diode (LED)-to-LED spacing for several LED configurations so that the irradiance pattern would be maximally flat
Summary
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive method for optical measurement of changes in tissue blood volume. Changes in intensity are modulated by the blood pumped from the heart to the periphery, but are dependent on other physiological characteristics, as well as the measurement equipment used. Because PPG allows non-invasive monitoring of hemodynamics via the skin, and that at relative low cost, it is widely used, in clinical applications, and in fitness trackers. Details of the PPG method and its clinical applications are published in e.g. In the 1990s, researchers began to investigate whether the method could be used with a different kind of sensor, namely video cameras. By using a camera, multiple spots can be measured simultaneously because groups of pixels can be viewed as virtual sensors. The development from conventional PPG to a contactless method was reviewed in more detail by Sun et al [4] and Zaunseder [5], who emphasized the challenges related to the method
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