Modeling of Unwashed and Washed Gum Content in Brazilian Gasoline–Ethanol Blends during Prolonged Storage: Application of a Doehlert Matrix

Abstract

Gasoline is a volatile mixture of hydrocarbons that is used in spark ignition engines. It is a complex mixture composed of inflammable olefinic, paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons (C4–C12). It presents low contents of oxygenates and traces of sulfur, nitrogen, and metals, which introduce instability to the mixture. In several countries, such as Brazil, ethanol is used purely as a renewable fuel or as an octane improver in blends with gasoline, especially in flex fuel engines. Nevertheless, some compounds in the fuel react slowly, at room temperature, with atmospheric oxygen, and with each other. The process is observed throughout the entire fuel production and use process and increases fuel density. These high-molar-mass insoluble oxidation products are commonly called gums and form deposits throughout the vehicle fuel system. Their accumulation has adverse effects on engine efficiency, performance, and durability, in the form of incomplete combustion, engine wear, and higher pollutant emissions. Consequently, it is necessary to prevent gum formation by improving gasoline quality and using additives. A prediction of gasoline blends behavior is also an important tool to assess critical conditions. This work studied the influence of aging period, temperature, and addition of anhydrous ethanol concentration on unwashed and washed gum content of Brazilian gasoline–ethanol blends. The effect of an additive was also evaluated, by comparing the results of regular and additivated gasolines. This study also defined predictive mathematic models for the studied properties through a Doehlert matrix with three factors, from which robustness was assessed.