Abstract
In recent years, there have been tendencies to enable smart cities with interconnected infrastructures and communities. Current engineering design and operation practices are limited to handling individual systems with modeling and simulation, as well as control systems. This paper presents a holistic approach with engineering practice to design and operate interconnected systems as part of smart cities. The approach is based on modeling individual physical systems and associated processes and identifying key performance indicators to evaluate each system and interconnected systems with an understanding of the coupling among systems to increase the overall performance of interconnected systems. The multi-objective optimization technique is proposed to achieve the best performance based on system design, control, and operation parameters. Due to the multidimensional nature of the interconnected systems, a unified interface system with modular design is proposed to achieve the highest overall performance of the interconnected systems with standardized interactions among state variables and performance measures. The proposed approach can allow dynamic updates of the interconnected systems based on model libraries of each system and process. A case study is presented of interconnected energy–water–transportation–waste facilities, whereby modeling is discussed, and performance measures are evaluated for different scenarios using the unified interface design.
Highlights
The progress made in energy infrastructures requires a proper study on energy management based on a simulation that can evaluate the planning scenarios and strategies to reduce performance measures such as Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions [5]
The world is moving toward smart cities, where systems and components are individually designed and operated as smart nodes in complex interconnected systems
There is a lack of best practices for achieving the engineering design of interconnected systems
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Specifying energy requirements is difficult in view of the multidimensional nature of the target integrated systems with various technologies and multiple views of these applications and infrastructures These challenges could be resolved by conducting detailed process modeling of the integrated systems in holistic ways to include interfaces and interactions among energy, water, transportation, food, health, and waste management and the detailed model parameters in each domain. Examples of multi-objective optimization algorithms were applied to waste and resources management for industrial networks using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), which considered material flow and balance equation models [28] These approaches were able to achieve optimum performance, they could not handle constraints with links to domain knowledge.
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