Abstract
A procedure is described for including isotropic and directional damage as load-history dependent softening variables in a set of elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equations. The evolution equation proposed for isotropic damage integrates to an exponential form for the case of constant stress. Directional damage is represented as a second-order symmetric tensor with a scalar effective value used in the constitutive equations. A method is proposed for treating directional damage in the case of non-proportional loading histories. Comparisons are given of uniaxial creep test results for an alloy at high temperatures with calculations based on the constitutive equations with the inclusion of isotropic damage.
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