Abstract
The depletion of conventional energy sources, including crude oil, is one of the cause of the search for alternative carriers and fuels in order to prevent an energy crisis. Due to the progressing climate change, each new solution must comply with the principles of sustainable development. Dynamic development in the transport sector and, as a consequence, the increase in the number of vehicles on the roads negatively affect the atmosphere and the environment, which is why the share of biofuels, which are used to minimize this negative impact, is steadily increasing. This paper analyzes the emissivity (emission capability) of biofuels such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), ethanol, dimethyl ether and butanol and compares them with conventional fuels. A computer simulation was used, based on the real parameters of vehicles and fuels. The test procedure was carried out in accordance with the appropriate New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) approval test for such cars. In addition, a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the fuels and vehicles in question was carried out using the SimaPro package. Based on the results obtained from the z computer simulation, it was found that diesel fuel showed lower emissivity than petrol and its alternatives. However, FAME fuel provided more carbon dioxide than conventional diesel. As far as petrol is concerned, it was less emissive than dimethyl ether. Ethanol and butanol reduced emissions by 7% and 15%, respectively. After taking into account CO2 emissions generated in the production process, both FAME and butanol were not very favorable in the context of other fuels. The results might be used for appropriate fuel use management.
Highlights
Sustainable development in modern times has become a key determinant of shaping society and the economic systems of states
In the case of a comparison of diesel fuel with its alternative fuel fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), the biofuel showed a higher content of carbon dioxide by about 7%
Taking into account the life cycle of this fuel, its emission balance is negative, so it will absorb more carbon dioxide during production than it produces in the combustion process
Summary
Sustainable development in modern times has become a key determinant of shaping society and the economic systems of states. Dimethyl ether (DME), whose properties are similar to those of LPG, is possible for application It has a high cetane number and is relatively inexpensive to produce [32]. A popular replacement is FAME fuel, i.e., methyl esters of higher fatty acids, occurring as an additive or a standalone fuel (biodiesel) This fuel is produced by esterification of fats present in vegetable oils (e.g., rapeseed, sunflower) or animal fats [35,36]. Biobutanol, to ethanol, is obtained by fermentation in anaerobic conditions but using different microorganisms in the process [37,38] This alcohol can be obtained from a variety of biomass types such as sugar cane, beets, wheat, and corn stalks, straw and wood waste, which are all rich sources of lignocellulose [39]
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