Abstract
In Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A), network-controlled device-to-device (D2D) communications allow User Equipments (UEs) to communicate directly, without involving the Evolved Node-B in data relaying, while the latter still retains control of resource allocation. The above paradigm allows reduced latencies for the UEs and increased resource efficiency for the network operator, and is therefore foreseen to support several services, from Machine-to-machine to vehicular communications. D2D communications introduce research challenges that might affect the performance of applications and upper-layer protocols, hence simulations represent a valuable tool for evaluating these aspects. However, simulating D2D features might pose additional computational burden to the simulation environment. To this aim, a careful modeling is required to reduce computational overhead. In this paper, we describe our modeling of network-controlled D2D communications in SimuLTE, a system-level LTE-A simulation library based on OMNeT++. We describe the core modeling choices of SimuLTE, and show how these allow an easy extension to D2D communications. Moreover, we describe in detail the modeling of specific problems arising with D2D communications, such as scheduling with frequency reuse, connection mode switching and broadcast transmission. We document the computational efficiency of our modeling choices, showing that simulation of D2D communications is not more complex than simulation of classical cellular communications of comparable scale. Results show that the heaviest computational burden of D2D communication lies in estimating the Sidelink channel quality. We show that SimuLTE allows one to evaluate the interplay between D2D communication and end-to-end performance of UDP- and TCP-based services. Moreover, we assess the accuracy of using a binary interference model for frequency reuse, and we evaluate the trade-off between speed of execution and accuracy in modeling the reception probability.
Highlights
The ubiquitous diffusion of 4G cellular networks, under the commercial names of LongTerm Evolution (LTE) and LongTerm Evolution (LTE)-Advanced (LTE-A), makes them ideal candidates to support new scenarios such as Smart Cities, Connected Vehicles, Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications [1]and Industry 4.0
We show how D2D communications are modeled in SimuLTE, an open-source simulation library for system-level simulation of LTE/LTE-A cellular networks based on OMNeT++, which is widely used in the research community [10,11]
In Scenario 3, we show that a careful selection of the transmission horizon for P2MP D2D communications leads to significant speedup of the execution time, without affecting the accuracy of the results
Summary
The ubiquitous diffusion of 4G cellular networks, under the commercial names of LongTerm Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), makes them ideal candidates to support new scenarios such as Smart Cities, Connected Vehicles, Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications [1]and Industry 4.0. D2D transmissions can be supervised by the eNB, in a network-controlled approach: the eNB remains in charge of the scheduling and resource allocation, but cuts itself off from data-plane transmission This makes D2D transmissions reliable, unlike those in ad-hoc networks, where single mobiles have to contend for spectrum access through carrier sensing, collisions and backoffs. This very feature allows the eNB to enforce frequency reuse, allowing simultaneous D2D transmissions to occur on the same frequency resources, provided that the respective receivers are distant enough, which enhances scalability.
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