Abstract
Electric vehicle (EV) use is growing at a steady rate globally. Many countries are planning to ban internal combustion engines by 2030. One of the key issues needed to be addressed before the full-scale deployment of EVs is ensuring energy security. Various studies have developed models to simulate and study hourly electricity demand from EV charging. In this study, we present an improved model based on discrete event simulation, which allows for modeling characteristics of individual EV users, including the availability of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) outside homes and the charging threshold of each EV user. The model is illustrated by simulating 1000 random electric vehicles generated using data from an actual survey. The results agree with previous studies that daily charging demands do not significantly vary. However, the results show a significant shift in charging schedule during weekends. Moreover, the simulation demonstrated that the charging peak demand can be reduced by as much as 11% if EVSEs are made more available outside homes. Interestingly, a behavioral solution, such as requiring users to fully utilize their EV’s battery capacity, is more effective in reducing the peak demand (14–17%). Finally, the study concludes by discussing a few potential implications on electric vehicle charging policy.
Highlights
The use of electric vehicles (EVs) coupled with the utilization of renewable energy can significantly reduce emissions and improve air quality
The following behaviors were observed in the model: EV driving has the highest frequency at 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., a high percentage of EV users arrive home at 21:00, EV charging electricity demand peaks at around 20:00
While other studies have already successfully estimated potential charging peak demand and hourly charging demand through simulations, the model developed in this study enables the modeling of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) availability outside homes, as well as the charging threshold of individual
Summary
The use of electric vehicles (EVs) coupled with the utilization of renewable energy can significantly reduce emissions and improve air quality. Germany intends to ban internal combustion engines by 2030 [3] Norway targets all their cars to be either an EV or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) by 2025. Other states adopted California’s ZEV program [5] Countries such as France, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, and China are giving incentives to those who use EVs or vehicles that emit less carbon dioxide (CO2 ). EVs are required to line up and wait until there is a vacant charging outlet on a single destination, significantly limiting the possibilities in the simulation. The manuscript is organized as follows: a literature review is discussed followed by methods and data, results and discussion, and conclusions
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