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Abstract
Fishermen frequently suffer accidents and may even drown when they are swept into the sea by coastal freak waves near the shore of northeastern Taiwan. To accurately predict the deformation of free surfaces when waves violently strike coastal structures, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model with a nonlinear and mesh-free numerical approach was adopted in this study. Eight cases based on an actual coastal freak wave accident were simulated. The results show that the maximum splash height of the coastal freak wave in the breakwater was dependent not only on the incident wave but also on the existence of armor blocks. The armor block installation reduces the overflow discharge but enhances the horizontal throw speed of the coastal freak wave by more than five times.
Highlights
Especially fishermen who stay in coastal zones, cannot protect themselves from overtopping flow or splashes that surge on the tops of breakwaters or in coastal zones
The weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical model was used to simulate the coastal freak waves that overtopped a vertical wall to compare the characteristics of overtopping flows under different wave conditions and the effect of armor blocks
The field measurements by the buoy show that the significant wave height was 4.5 m and the period was 12 s for the coastal freak waves (CFWs) event introduced in this study
Summary
Freak (rogue) waves are hazardous surface waves that occur in the world’s oceans. A wave such as this is defined as one that is larger than twice the significant wave height. Unlike freak waves that occur in the ocean, coastal freak waves (CFWs) are the large amounts of splash water that take place at the coast as a result of complex wave–structure interactions. These are recognized as the wave overtopping processes. Many people like fishing on harbor breakwaters or rocks in the coastal area of Taiwan. Sometimes, they are attacked by coastal freak waves or even washed into the sea. Slunyaev et al [23] noted that an extreme event may occur in coastal zones under strong wave–coast interactions
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