Modeling and Protection of Photovoltaic Systems During Lightning Strikes: A Review

Abstract

The integration of renewable energy (RE) sources is increasing day by day because of their permanent existence and the limited quantities of fossil fuels. One of the most promising RE sources is photovoltaic (PV) technology, which is developing quickly in many countries worldwide. PV cells generate electricity by converting the sunlight to DC voltage. Hence, to maximize the output power obtained from PV arrays, they must be located in outdoor areas or rooftops. Consequently, they are frequently subjected to lightning strikes, which may cause damage to PV arrays, service interruption, and additional cost for PV replacement. Therefore, an adequate lightning protection system (LPS) must be installed to protect the PV panels. In addition, the transient performance of PV panels during lightning strikes must be analyzed well. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the superior modeling methods of PV systems during lightning strikes. In addition, the paper displays the different platforms to simulate the transient effects of lightning strikes on PV systems. The lightning transient effects on PV arrays are studied based on the system modeling to assess the recommended LPS designs studied in the literature.