Abstract
This study developed an alternate operational control system for ground source heat pumps (GSHP), which was applied to determine combined space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) power equations at design temperature. A domestic GSHP with an alternate control system was implemented in a whole building simulation model following the heat deficiency for space heating based on degree minute counting. A simulated GSHP system with 200 L storage tank resulted in 13%–26% power reduction compared to the calculation of the same system with existing European standards, which required separate space heating and DHW power calculation. The periodic operation utilized the thermal mass of the building with the same effect in the case of light and heavy-weight building because of the very short cycle of 30 min. Room temperatures dropped during the DHW heating cycle but kept within comfort range. The developed equations predict the total power as a function of occupancy, peak and average DHW consumption with variations of 0%–2.2% compared to the simulated results. DHW heating added the total power in modern low energy buildings by 21%–41% and 13%–26% at design temperatures of −15 °C and −26 °C, respectively. Internal heat gains reduced the power so that the reduction effect compensated the effect of DHW heating in the case of a house occupied by three people. The equations could be used for power sizing of any heat pump types, which has alternate operation principle and hydronic heating system.
Highlights
Energy performance of buildings has been continuously improved by imposing the new energy regulations
The hourly profile of domestic hot water (DHW) was represented for a large number of occupants, which dampened the peaks of hot water usages and it cannot be used to estimate the DHW heating
The corresponding deficits of heat were counted as degree minutes (DM) value
Summary
Energy performance of buildings has been continuously improved by imposing the new energy regulations These reduced energy use in buildings for space conditioning, lighting, and appliances. Energy use for DHW heating seemed unpredictable, which is mainly caused by different DHW usages at occupant and apartment levels [1,2,3]. The detailed hourly DHW usages profile affects the power sizing of a heating system; an accurate sizing method does not exist yet for a combined space heating and DHW generation. In this context, the DHW hourly usages profile was used during the development of DHW heating with a GSHP for an apartment building [4]. The hourly profile of DHW was represented for a large number of occupants, which dampened the peaks of hot water usages and it cannot be used to estimate the DHW heating
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