Abstract
The increased penetration of renewables and the variable behavior of solar irradiation makes the energy storage important for overcoming several stability issues that arise in the power network. The current paper examines the design and stability analysis of a grid-connected residential photovoltaic (PV) system with battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage. The battery and supercapacitor packs are connected to the common 400 V DC-bus in a fully active parallel configuration through two bidirectional DC–DC converters, hence they have different voltage levels and their power flow is controlled separately. A detailed small-signal stability analysis is considered for the design of the current controllers for the bidirectional converters of the battery and supercapacitor. An important contribution here is that a detailed stability analysis is performed for both the boost and the buck mode of operation for the battery and supercapacitor converters, resulting in more accurate tuning of the controllers. Moreover, the small-signal stability analysis of the voltage source inverter (VSI) is considered in order to design the DC-bus voltage controller, where a reference output current is obtained using a phase-locked loop (PLL) for grid synchronization. The proposed model is developed and simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink software environment, based on mathematical analysis and average modeling. The simulation results verify the dynamic performance of the proposed model, through several rapid changes in PV generation and in load demand. Also, the model works properly and responds extremely fast during different mode transitions, exhibiting a very fast DC-bus voltage regulation with a very small ripple voltage (a maximum of ± 0.625%). Finally, the supercapacitor handles the rapid changes occurring within 0.2 s, hence this can relieve the battery stress and extend the battery lifetime.
Highlights
Current rising electricity demand and climate change have reinforced the need for independence from conventional fuels and use of renewable energy sources
A phase-locked loop (PLL) is used so that the output current injected to the grid be in phase with the grid voltage
The design and small-signal analysis for a gridconnected residential PV system with battery–supercapacitor hybrid storage has been studied in detail
Summary
Current rising electricity demand and climate change have reinforced the need for independence from conventional fuels and use of renewable energy sources. Solar photovoltaic (PV) is one of the most growing technologies in the world with a current growth rate of 35%–40% per year. PV power generation can be considered as the most promising, widely available and essential renewable resource. Renders energy storage important for overcoming several problems that arise in the grid (Hemmati and Saboori, 2016; Argyrou et al, 2018a; Bocklisch, 2016). A notable such example is the battery–supercapacitor storage, which combines the shortterm (supercapacitor) and long-term (battery) storage, as well as the high power (supercapacitor) and high energy (battery) rating. Supercapacitors can reduce stresses in battery storage and extend the battery life. The fully active parallel configuration provides flexibility as the battery and supercapacitor can operate in different voltages and be controlled separately (Argyrou et al, 2018c; Vazquez et al, 2010)
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