Modeled day–night biases in decapod assessment by bottom trawling survey

Abstract

The activity rhythms of marine species may consistently bias demographic evaluation by bottom trawl survey, depending on the time of day. In this study, we examine occurrence data of selected commercial and non-commercial decapod species at different depths (0–800 m) of the western Mediterranean as produced by the Mediterranean international trawl survey (MEDITS) UE Program by sampling during daytime. In order to show how the activity rhythms and types of displacement (pelagic, nektobenthic and endobenthic) of different species can alter the occurrences determined by bottom trawling, and to quantify relative bias, we modeled potential outcomes of a putative nocturnal MEDITS sampling. MEDITS and published data for studies with 24-h hauls were compared in order to obtain a folding correction factor. We found that the temporal bias of sampling is moderate when trawling is performed on the continental slope and more important when it occurs on the continental shelf. The configuration of daytime and nighttime occurrence data by depth was performed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS). For the daytime configuration, association with irradiance (PAR) was evaluated by fitting occurrence data with a generalized additive model (GAM). Symmetry in species assemblages was found according to depth (inflection point at 200 m depth) as a significant irradiance-dependence distribution pattern of occurrences that took place on the shelf, above 200 m depth. For the night configuration, the inflection point relaxed due to the active displacements of some species, mixing the assemblages reported in daytime data. Results of the present study indicated that a deep knowledge of the autoecology of decapod species as it relates to activity rhythms (including a precise assessment of displacement typology) is of importance in population distribution and biomass evaluation and also influences locally perceived biodiversity. Accordingly, bottom trawl surveys for population assessment should take into account the timing of sampling as a factor potentially biasing obtained abundances.