Abstract
Approximately 6-7% of newborns have congenital anomalies. The causes of these anomalies are genetic-based, environmental, or multifactorial. The cause of almost 50% of congenital anomalies is not fully known. There are many specific birth defects as part of the syndromes. Even though the syndromes are complex, they use common signaling pathways in the developmental process. Because of the complex nature of developmental disorders, different types of model systems are necessary to understand the molecular pathogenesis of diseases. The molecular infrastructure of diseases and problems in a developmental process is revealed with different types of model systems. While studying the development of multicellular organisms, related molecular and cellular processes are examined. While conducting these studies, model organisms, organoids, and computerized (in silico) models are used. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. In this review, we will provide recent knowledge on the advantages and disadvantages of modeling systems used to understand developmental processes.
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